|
Introduction - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Background:
Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed
by a declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992
after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by
neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at
partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form
a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of
warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint
Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in
Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a
halt three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in
Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and
Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multi-ethnic and democratic
government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also
recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly
equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the
Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments were
charged with overseeing most government functions. The Dayton Accords also
established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the
implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace
Implementation Council (PIC) at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the
High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials,
the so-called "Bonn Powers." In 1995-96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping
force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the
military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities.
European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their
mission is to maintain peace and stability throughout the country. EUFOR's
mission changed from peacekeeping to civil policing in October 2007, with its
presence reduced from nearly 7,000 to less than 2,500 troops. Troop strength at
the end of 2009 stood at roughly 2,000. In January 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina
assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2010-11 term.
Geography - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia
Geographic coordinates:
44 00 N, 18 00 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 51,197 sq km
country comparison to the world: 128
land: 51,187 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 1,538 km
border countries: Croatia 932 km, Montenegro 249 km, Serbia 357 km
Coastline:
20 km
Maritime claims:
no data available
Climate:
Current Weather
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers
and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Terrain:
mountains and valleys
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m
Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese,
nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 19.61%
permanent crops: 1.89%
other: 78.5% (2005)
Irrigated land:
30 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
37.5 cu km (2003)
Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues:
air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are
limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the
1992-95 civil strife; deforestation
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into
a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian
Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called
Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been
settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in
the east
People - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Population:
4,621,598 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.2% (male 339,507/female 318,352)
15-64 years: 70.9% (male 1,652,435/female 1,623,549)
65 years and over: 14.9% (male 281,248/female 406,507) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 40.3 years
male: 39.1 years
female: 41.5 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.016% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193
Birth rate:
8.87 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 212
Death rate:
8.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
Urbanization:
urban population: 47% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.074 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.88 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 157
male: 10.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.66 years
country comparison to the world: 42
male: 75.09 years
female: 82.49 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.26 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 213
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
900 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100 (2001 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
Nationality:
noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Ethnic groups:
Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion
with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Religions:
Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%
Languages:
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.7%
male: 99%
female: 94.4% (2000 est.)
Education expenditures:
NA
Government - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form: none
local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government type:
emerging federal democratic republic
Capital:
name: Sarajevo
geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in
October
Administrative divisions:
2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised
district* - Brcko district (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian Serb-led
Republika Srpska; note - Brcko district is in northeastern Bosnia and is a
self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and
Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities; the
District remains under international supervision
Independence:
1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for independence completed on 1 March
1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992)
National holiday:
National Day, 25 November (1943)
Constitution:
the Dayton Peace Accords, signed on 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a
constitution; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Haris SILAJDZIC (chairman since 6
March 2010; presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Bosniak); other members of
the three-member presidency rotate every eight months: Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency
member since 1 October 2006 - Croat); and Nebojsa RADMANOVIC (presidency member
since 1 October 2006 - Serb)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola SPIRIC (since 11
January 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman; approved by the
state-level House of Representatives
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one
Serb) elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term,
but then ineligible for four years); the chairmanship rotates every eight months
and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last
held on 1 October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010); the chairman of the
Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the
state-level House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% of the votes
for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC with 39.6% of the votes for the Croat seat;
Haris SILAJDZIC with 62.8% of the votes for the Bosniak seat
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Borjana KRISTO
(since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC (since 21 February
2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since 21 February 2007); President of the Republika
Srpska: Rajko KUZMANOVIC (since 28 December 2007)
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples
or Dom Naroda (15 seats, 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the
Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's
National Assembly to serve four-year terms); and the state-level House of
Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats, 28 seats allocated for the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats for the Republika Srpska;
members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to
serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's election law specifies four-year terms
for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures
elections: House of Peoples - last constituted in February 2007 (next to be
constituted in 2011); state-level House of Representatives - elections last held
on 1 October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010)
election results: House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA;
seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of
vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - SDA 9, SBiH 8, SNSD 7,
SDP 5, HDZ-BH 3, HDZ1990 2, SDS 2, PDP 1, DP 1, other 4
note: the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of
a House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other); last
constituted February 2007; and a House of Representatives (98 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held on 1
October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010); percent of vote by party - NA;
seats by party/coalition - SDA 28, SBiH 20, SDP 17, HDZ-BH 7, HDZ1990 4, other
22; the Republika Srpska has a National Assembly (83 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held on 1 October 2006
(next to be held in October 2010); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party/coalition - SNSD 41, SDS 15, PDP 7, DNS 4, SBiH 4, SPRS 3, SDA 3, other 6;
as a result of the 2002 constitutional reform process, a 28-member Republika
Srpska Council of Peoples (COP) was established in the Republika Srpska National
Assembly including 8 Croats, 8 Bosniaks, 8 Serbs, and 4 members of the smaller
communities
Judicial branch:
BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: four members are selected by
the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members by the
Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the
president of the European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists of
44 national judges and seven international judges and has three divisions -
Administrative, Appellate and Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related
to state-level law and cases initiated in the entities that question BiH's
sovereignty, political independence, or national security or with economic
crimes that have serious repercussions to BiH's economy, beyond that of an
entity or Brcko District); a War Crimes Chamber opened in March 2005
note: the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a number of
lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts in the Federation, plus a number of
municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has five district courts and a number of
municipal courts
Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB-BiH [ Fahrudin RADONCIC]; Alliance of
Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes
AJANOVIC]; Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic Democratic
Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Party of Rights or HSP [Zvonko JURISIC];
Croat Peasants' Party-New Croat Initiative or HSS-NHI [Ljiljana LOVRIC];
Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan
MUSA]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan
COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Bozo LJUBIC]; Croatian
Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC]; Democratic National Union or DNZ [Rifat DOLIC];
Democratic Party or DP [Dragan CAVIC]; Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS
[Marko PAVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; Nasa Stranka or NS
[Bojan BAJIC]; New Socialist Party or NSP [Zdravko KRSMANOVIC]; Party for Bosnia
and Herzegovina or SBiH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman
TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Peoples' Party of
Work for Progress or NSRzB [Mladen IVANKOVIC-LIJANOVIC]; Serb Democratic Party
or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]; Serb Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko
MIHAJLICA]; Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Mirko BLAGOJEVIC];
Social Democratic Party of BiH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social Democratic
Union or SDU [Nermin PECANAC]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar
DJOKIC]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
other: war veterans; displaced persons associations; family associations of
missing persons; private media
International organization participation:
BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC,
MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP,
SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mitar KUJUNDZIC
chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Charles L. ENGLISH
embassy: Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [387] (33) 445-700
FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar
Flag description:
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles
triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is
medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and
bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape
of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks,
Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous
(thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow)
are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked
with Bosnia
Economy - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Economy - overview:
The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet
by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in
place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but
output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in
2003-08 when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. However, due in large part to the
global economic crisis, GDP fell by about 3% in 2009, exports fell 24%, and
unemployment - as officially reported - rose above 40%. Banking reform
accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down;
foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking
sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency
introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and
the banking sector has increased. Bosnia's private sector is growing and foreign
investment is slowly increasing, but government spending, at nearly 50% of
adjusted GDP, remains high because of redundant government offices at the state,
entity and municipal level. Privatization of state enterprises, however, has
been slow, particularly in the Federation where political division between
ethnically-based political parties makes agreement on economic policy more
difficult. A sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain
the two most serious macroeconomic problems. Successful implementation of a
value-added tax in 2006 provided a predictable source of revenue for the
government and helped rein in gray market activity. National-level statistics
have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains
unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the
Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2009, Bosnia's
economy was hurt by the global financial downturn, with GDP, exports, and
employment all showing declines. One of Bosnia's main challenges has been to cut
public sector wages and social benefits to meet the IMF's budget deficit
criteria and qualify for additional tranches of Fund aid.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$29.07 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
$30.09 billion (2008 est.)
$28.55 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
Bosnia has a large informal sector that may be as much as 50% of official GDP
GDP (official exchange rate):
$17.16 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
-3.4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
5.4% (2008 est.)
6% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$6,300 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
$6,600 (2008 est.)
$6,300 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 9.5%
industry: 26%
services: 64.5% (2006 est.)
Labor force:
1.863 million (2007)
country comparison to the world: 124
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 20.5%
industry: 32.6%
services: 47% (2008)
Unemployment rate:
40% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
29% (2007 est.)
note: official rate; gray economy may reduce actual unemployment to 25-30%
Population below poverty line:
25% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 27.4% (2004)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
56.2 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 11
Budget:
revenues: $7.857 billion
expenditures: $8.736 billion (2009 est.)
Public debt:
44% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
40% of GDP (2008 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-0.4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
7.4% (2008 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
6.98% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 126
7.17% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$4.49 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 72
$5.13 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$5.614 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 78
$5.597 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$10.26 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 77
$8.895 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA
Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
Industries:
steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly,
textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly,
domestic appliances, oil refining
Industrial production growth rate:
-3.3% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
Electricity - production:
11.32 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
Electricity - consumption:
8.488 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
Electricity - exports:
4.344 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - imports:
3.743 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204
Oil - consumption:
30,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
Oil - exports:
192 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
Oil - imports:
25,990 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
Natural gas - consumption:
310 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
Natural gas - imports:
310 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
Current account balance:
-$1.279 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
-$2.764 billion (2008 est.)
Exports:
$4.057 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
$5.194 billion (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:
metals, clothing, wood products
Exports - partners:
Croatia 19.07%, Slovenia 18.58%, Italy 16.87%, Germany 13.38%, Austria 10.25%
(2009)
Imports:
$8.785 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
$12.29 billion (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:
Croatia 22.17%, Germany 14.04%, Slovenia 13.45%, Italy 11.89%, Austria 6.61%,
Hungary 5.74% (2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3.398 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
$3.516 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:
$8.415 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
$7.388 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Exchange rates:
konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - 1.4352 (2009), 1.3083 (2008), 1.4419
(2007), 1.5576 (2006), 1.5727 (2005)
note: the convertible mark is pegged to the euro
Communications - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Telephones - main lines in use:
1.031 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 80
Telephones - mobile cellular:
3.179 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 107
Telephone system:
general assessment: post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network,
aided by a internationally sponsored program under EBRD, resulting in sharp
increases in the number of fixed telephone lines available
domestic: fixed-line teledensity roughly 22 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular
subscribership has been increasing rapidly and, in 2008, reached 70 telephones
per 100 persons
international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2008)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
33 (1995)
Internet country code:
.ba
Internet hosts:
69,370 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 79
Internet users:
1.308 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 81
Transportation - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Airports:
25 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 132
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 10 (2009)
Heliports:
5 (2009)
Railways:
total: 1,000 km
country comparison to the world: 89
standard gauge: 1,000 km 1.435-m gauge (590 km electrified) (2008)
Roadways:
total: 21,846 km
country comparison to the world: 107
paved: 11,425 km (4,714 km of interurban roads)
unpaved: 10,421 km (2006)
Waterways:
Sava River (northern border) open to shipping but use limited (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway
ports on the Sava River), Orasje
Military - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Military branches:
Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH): Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Air and Air Defense Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Zrakoplovstvo i
Protuzracna Obrana, ZPO) (2010)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in
January 2006; 4-month service obligation (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,194,832
females age 16-49: 1,156,698 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 980,425
females age 16-49: 948,791 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 26,134
female: 24,518 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
4.5% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
Transnational Issues - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Disputes - international:
sections along the Drina River remain in dispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina
and Serbia; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections
of the boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification of the
1999 border agreement
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 7,269 (Croatia)
IDPs: 131,600 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced in 1992-95 war)
(2007)
Illicit drugs:
increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe;
minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering
activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law
enforcement, and instances of corruption
|
