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Introduction - Haiti
Background:
The native Taino Amerindians - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when it
was discovered by COLUMBUS in 1492 - were virtually annihilated by Spanish
settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a
presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of
the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and
sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean but only
through the heavy importation of African slaves and considerable environmental
degradation. In the late 18th century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves
revolted under Toussaint L'OUVERTURE. After a prolonged struggle, Haiti became
the first black republic to declare independence in 1804. The poorest country in
the Western Hemisphere, Haiti has been plagued by political violence for most of
its history. After an armed rebellion led to the forced resignation and exile of
President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE in February 2004, an interim government took
office to organize new elections under the auspices of the United Nations
Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Continued violence and technical
delays prompted repeated postponements, but Haiti finally did inaugurate a
democratically elected president and parliament in May of 2006. A massive
magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010 with an epicenter about 15
km southwest of the capital, Port-au-Prince. An estimated 2 million people live
within the zone of heavy to moderate structural damage. The earthquake is
assessed as the worst in this region over the last 200 years and massive
international assistance will be required to help the country recover.
Geography - Haiti
Location:
Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean
Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the Dominican Republic
Geographic coordinates:
19 00 N, 72 25 W
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total: 27,750 sq km
country comparison to the world: 147
land: 27,560 sq km
water: 190 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
total: 360 km
border countries: Dominican Republic 360 km
Coastline:
1,771 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: to depth of exploitation
Climate:
Current Weather
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Terrain:
mostly rough and mountainous
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m
Natural resources:
bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 28.11%
permanent crops: 11.53%
other: 60.36% (2005)
Irrigated land:
920 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
14 cu km (2000)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 0.99 cu km/yr (5%/1%/94%)
per capita: 116 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June
to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues:
extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared
for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion; inadequate supplies of potable
water
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes
Geography - note:
shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is Haiti,
eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)
People - Haiti
Population:
9,203,083
country comparison to the world: 88
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher
infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes
in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be
expected (July 2010 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.5% (male 1,742,354/female 1,711,355)
15-64 years: 59.1% (male 2,699,906/female 2,736,996)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 119,992/female 192,480) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 20.5 years
male: 20 years
female: 20.9 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.84% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Birth rate:
28.7 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Death rate:
8.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Net migration rate:
-1.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
Urbanization:
urban population: 47% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 4.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 58.07 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 36
male: 64.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 51.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.38 years
country comparison to the world: 180
male: 59.67 years
female: 63.14 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3.72 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.2% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
120,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
7,200 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and
E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Nationality:
noun: Haitian(s)
adjective: Haitian
Ethnic groups:
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%,
other 1%), none 1%, other 3%
note: roughly half of the population practices voodoo
Languages:
French (official), Creole (official)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 52.9%
male: 54.8%
female: 51.2% (2003 est.)
Education expenditures:
1.4% of GDP (1991)
country comparison to the world: 175
Government - Haiti
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Haiti
conventional short form: Haiti
local long form: Republique d'Haiti/Repiblik d' Ayiti
local short form: Haiti/Ayiti
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Port-au-Prince
geographic coordinates: 18 32 N, 72 20 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in
October
Administrative divisions:
10 departments (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, Grand
'Anse, Nippes, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est
Independence:
1 January 1804 (from France)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 January (1804)
Constitution:
approved March 1987
note: suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989;
constitutional government ousted in a military coup in September 1991, although
in October 1991 military government claimed to be observing the constitution;
returned to constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution, while technically
in force between 2004-2006, was not enforced; returned to constitutional rule in
May 2006
Legal system:
based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Rene PREVAL (since 14 May 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Max BELLERIVE (since 7 November 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (may not serve
consecutive terms); election last held on 7 February 2006 (next to be held in
2011); prime minister appointed by the president, ratified by the National
Assembly
election results: Rene PREVAL elected president; percent of vote - Rene PREVAL
51%
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale consists of the Senate (30
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one-third
elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies (99 seats; members elected
by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - in reestablishing the Senate,
the candidate in each department receiving the most votes in the last election
serves six years, the candidate with the second most votes serves four years,
and the candidate with the third most votes serves two years
elections: Senate - last held on 21 April 2006 with run-off elections on 3
December 2006 (next regular election, for one third of seats, to be held in
2008); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 21 April 2006 with run-off elections
on 3 December 2006 and 29 April 2007 (next regular election to be held in 2010)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
L'ESPWA 11, FUSION 5, OPL 4, FL 3, LAAA 2, UNCRH 2, PONT 2, ALYANS 1; Chamber of
Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - L'ESPWA 23, FUSION
17, FRN 12, OPL 10, ALYANS 10, LAAA 5, MPH 3, MOCHRENA 3, other 10; results for
six other seats contested on 3 December 2006 remain unknown
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation
Political parties and leaders:
Artibonite in Action or LAAA [Youri LATORTUE]; Assembly of Progressive National
Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convention for Democratic Unity or KID
[Evans PAUL]; Cooperative Action to Build Haiti or KONBA [Evans LESCOUFALIR];
Democratic Alliance or ALYANS [Evans PAUL] (coalition composed of KID and PPRH);
Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph
JASME]; Fanmi Lavalas or FL [Rudy HERIVEAUX]; For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie
CHERESTAL]; Front for Hope or L'ESPWA [Rene PREVAL] (alliance of ESKAMP, PLB,
and grass-roots organizations Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, the Central
Plateau Peasants' Group, and Kombit Sudest); Haitian Christian Democratic Party
or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic and Reform
Movement or MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT and Pierre Soncon PRINCE]; Heads Together or
Tet-Ansanm [Dr. Gerard BLOT]; Independent Movement for National Reconciliation
or MIRN [Luc FLEURINORD]; Justice for Peace and National Development or JPDN [Rigaud
DUPLAN]; Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Gehy MICHEL]; Merging of Haitian Social
Democratic Parties or FUSION or FPSDH [Serge GILLES] (coalition of Ayiti
Capable, Haitian National Revolutionary Party, and National Congress of
Democratic Movements); Mobilization for Haiti's Development or MPH [Samir MOURRA];
Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert de RONCERAY]; Movement for
National Reconstruction or MRN [Jean Henold BUTEAU]; Movement for the
Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; National Christian
Union for the Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH [Marie Claude GERMAIN]; National
Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRN [Guy PHILIPPE]; New Christian
Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Open the Gate Party or PLB
[Anes LUBIN]; Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti or PPRH [Claude ROMAIN];
Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]; Union of Nationalist
and Progressive Haitians or UNITE [Edouard FRANCISQUE]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR];
Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH; Federation of Workers Trade Unions or
FOS; General Organization of Independent Haitian Workers [Patrick NUMAS]; Grand-Anse
Resistance Committee, or KOREGA; National Popular Assembly or APN; Papaye
Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE]; Popular Organizations
Gathering Power or PROP; Protestant Federation of Haiti; Roman Catholic Church
International organization participation:
ACP, AOSIS, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC,
LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIF, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, PetroCaribe, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond JOSEPH
chancery: 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4090
FAX: [1] (202) 745-7215
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s): Orlando (Florida)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth H. MERTEN
embassy: Tabarre 41, Route de Tabarre, Port-au-Prince
mailing address: use mailing address
telephone: [509] 229-8000
FAX: [509] 229-8028
Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle
bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two
cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes
Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union
of blacks and mulattoes
Economy - Haiti
Economy - overview:
Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the
population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty. Two-thirds
of all Haitians depend on the agricultural sector, mainly small-scale
subsistence farming, and remain vulnerable to damage from frequent natural
disasters, exacerbated by the country's widespread deforestation. While the
economy has recovered in recent years, registering positive growth since 2005,
four tropical storms in 2008 severely damaged the transportation infrastructure
and agricultural sector. US economic engagement under the Haitian Hemispheric
Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement (HOPE) Act, passed in December
2006, has boosted apparel exports and investment by providing tariff-free access
to the US. A second version of the legislation, passed in October 2008 and
dubbed HOPE II, has further improved the export environment for the apparel
sector by extending preferences to 2018; the apparel sector accounts for
two-thirds of Haitian exports and nearly one-tenth of GDP. Remittances are the
primary source of foreign exchange, equaling nearly a quarter of GDP and more
than twice the earnings from exports. Haiti suffers from a lack of investment
because of insecurity and limited infrastructure, and a severe trade deficit. In
2005, Haiti paid its arrears to the World Bank, paving the way for reengagement
with the Bank. Haiti received debt forgiveness for about $525 million of its
debt through the Highly-Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative in 2009. The
government relies on formal international economic assistance for fiscal
sustainability.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.9 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
$11.67 billion (2008 est.)
$11.52 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$6.989 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
2% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
1.3% (2008 est.)
3.4% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$1,300 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
$1,300 (2008 est.)
$1,300 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 28%
industry: 20%
services: 52% (2004 est.)
Labor force:
3.643 million
country comparison to the world: 95
note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (2007)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 66%
industry: 9%
services: 25% (1995)
Unemployment rate:
NA% est.)
note: widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the
labor force do not have formal jobs
Population below poverty line:
80% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 47.7% (2001)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
59.2 (2001)
country comparison to the world: 8
Investment (gross fixed):
28.9% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Budget:
revenues: $1.003 billion
expenditures: $1.302 billion (2009 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
15.5% (2008 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
17.81% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 2
46.99% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$NA (31 December 2008)
$704.7 million (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$NA (31 December 2008)
$1.561 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$NA (31 December 2008)
$1.537 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA
Agriculture - products:
coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum; wood
Industries:
sugar refining, flour milling, textiles, cement, light assembly based on
imported parts
Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
Electricity - production:
448 million kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
Electricity - consumption:
273 million kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
Oil - consumption:
12,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
Oil - imports:
12,280 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
Current account balance:
-$480 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
-$739.8 million (2008 est.)
Exports:
$558.7 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163
$490.2 million (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:
apparel, manufactures, oils, cocoa, mangoes, coffee
Exports - partners:
US 79.76%, Dominican Republic 7.24%, Canada 2.96% (2009)
Imports:
$2.048 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
$2.108 billion (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:
food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, raw
materials
Imports - partners:
US 33.11%, Dominican Republic 23.53%, Netherlands Antilles 10.75%, China 5.36%
(2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$812 million (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
$542.5 million (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:
$428 million (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
$1.817 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Exchange rates:
gourdes (HTG) per US dollar - 41.366 (2009), 39.216 (2008), 37.138 (2007),
40.232 (2006), 40.449 (2005)
Communications - Haiti
Telephones - main lines in use:
108,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 142
Telephones - mobile cellular:
3.2 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 106
Telephone system:
general assessment: telecommunications infrastructure is among the least
developed in Latin America and the Caribbean; domestic facilities barely
adequate; international facilities slightly better
domestic: mobile-cellular telephone services are expanding rapidly due, in part,
to the introduction of low-cost GSM phones; mobile-cellular teledensity exceeded
35 per 100 persons in 2008
international: country code - 509; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 41, FM 53, shortwave 0 (2009)
Television broadcast stations:
2 (plus a cable TV service) (1997)
Internet country code:
.ht
Internet hosts:
9 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 221
Internet users:
1 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 90
Transportation - Haiti
Airports:
14 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 148
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 8 (2009)
Roadways:
total: 4,160 km
country comparison to the world: 155
paved: 1,011 km
unpaved: 3,149 km (2000)
Ports and terminals:
Cap-Haitien
Military - Haiti
Military branches:
no regular military forces - small Coast Guard; the regular Haitian Armed Forces
(FAdH) - Army, Navy, and Air Force - have been demobilized but still exist on
paper until or unless they are constitutionally abolished (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 2,283,915
females age 16-49: 2,250,220 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,573,371
females age 16-49: 1,591,942 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 110,514
female: 108,208 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
0.4% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 167
Transnational Issues - Haiti
Disputes - international:
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti
(MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite efforts to control illegal
migration, Haitians cross into the Dominican Republic and sail to neighboring
countries; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island
Illicit drugs:
Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe;
substantial bulk cash smuggling activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor
Haiti for illicit financial transactions; pervasive corruption; significant
consumer of cannabis
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