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Introduction - Romania
Background:
The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the
suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they
united in 1859 and a few years later adopted the new name of Romania. The
country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied
Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania -
following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and
participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun
by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led
to the formation of a Communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication
of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power
in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and
draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989.
Former Communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from
power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.
Geography - Romania
Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
Geographic coordinates:
46 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 238,391 sq km
country comparison to the world: 82
land: 229,891 sq km
water: 8,500 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476
km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km
Coastline:
225 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
Current Weather
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with
frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain:
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east
by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on
the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Natural resources:
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt,
arable land, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 39.49%
permanent crops: 1.92%
other: 58.59% (2005)
Irrigated land:
30,770 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
42.3 cu km (2003)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 6.5 cu km/yr (9%/34%/57%)
per capita: 299 cu m/yr (2003)
Natural hazards:
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate
promote landslides
Environment - current issues:
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from
industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and
Ukraine
People - Romania
Population:
22,181,287 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 1,768,207/female 1,677,503)
15-64 years: 69.8% (male 7,701,149/female 7,774,159)
65 years and over: 14.7% (male 1,326,163/female 1,934,106) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 38.1 years
male: 36.7 years
female: 39.6 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
-0.16% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 213
Birth rate:
10.43 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 183
Death rate:
11.91 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
Net migration rate:
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
Urbanization:
urban population: 54% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: -0.1% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.063 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 22.09 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 93
male: 25.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.71 years
country comparison to the world: 121
male: 69.22 years
female: 76.43 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.4 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
15,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
350 (2001 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Nationality:
noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian
Ethnic groups:
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian
0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
Religions:
Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant (various
denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%,
other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)
Languages:
Romanian 91% (official), Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.3%
male: 98.4%
female: 96.3% (2002 census)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 14 years (2006)
Education expenditures:
3.5% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 130
Government - Romania
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Bucharest
geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in
October
Administrative divisions:
41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba,
Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti
(Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi,
Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare,
Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
Independence:
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence
recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom
proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
National holiday:
Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Constitution:
8 December 1991; revised 29 October 2003
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Emil BOC (since 22 December 2008); Deputy
Prime Minister Marko BELA (since 23 December 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for
a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December
2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by
the president with the consent of the Parliament
election results: Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian
BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (137 seats;
members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year
terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (334 seats; members
elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held on 30 November 2008 (next expected to be held in
November 2012); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 30 November 2008 (next
expected to be held in November 2012)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - PSD-PC 34.2%,
PD-L 33.6%, PNL 18.7%, UDMR 6.4%, other 7.1%; seats by alliance/party - PSD-PC
49, PD-L 51, PNL 28, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by
alliance/party - PSD-PC 33.1%, PD-L 32.4%, PNL 18.6%, UDMR 6.2%, ethnic
minorities 3.6%, other 6.1%; seats by alliance/party - PD-L 115, PSD-PC 114, PNL
65, UDMR 22, ethnic minorities 18
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (comprised of 11 judges appointed for three-year terms
by the president in consultation with the Superior Council of Magistrates, which
is comprised of the minister of justice, the prosecutor general, two civil
society representatives appointed by the Senate, and 14 judges and prosecutors
elected by their peers); a separate body, the Constitutional Court, validates
elections and makes decisions regarding the constitutionality of laws, treaties,
ordinances, and internal rules of the Parliament; it is comprised of nine
members serving nine-year terms, with three members each appointed by the
president, the Senate, and the Chamber of Deputies
Political parties and leaders:
Conservative Party or PC [Daniela POPA] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR);
Democratic Liberal Party or PD-L [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union of Hungarians in
Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Crin ANTONESCU];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Mircea Dan GEOANA] (formerly Party of Social
Democracy in Romania or PDSR)
Political pressure groups and leaders:
other: various human rights and professional associations
International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state),
EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA
(observer), MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian Cosmin VIERITA
chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mark GITENSTEIN
embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260
Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)
telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300
FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the three
colors were used by various national revolutionary movements in the 19th
century; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band
has been removed
note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles
the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Economy - Romania
Economy - overview:
Romania, which joined the European Union on 1 January 2007, began the transition
from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of
output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a
punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets.
Domestic consumption and investment have fueled strong GDP growth in recent
years, but have led to large current account imbalances. Romania's macroeconomic
gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and address
Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to handicap its
business environment. Inflation rose in 2007-08, driven in part by strong
consumer demand and high wage growth, rising energy costs, a nation-wide drought
affecting food prices, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline, but fell in 2009
as a result of the world recession. Romania's GDP growth contracted markedly in
the last quarter of 2008 as the country began to feel the effects of a global
downturn in financial markets and trade, and GDP fell more than 7% in 2009, and
unemployment nearly doubled. Romania hopes to adopt the euro by 2014.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$255.4 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
$275.2 billion (2008 est.)
$257 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$162.6 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
-7.2% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
7.1% (2008 est.)
6.3% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$11,500 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$12,400 (2008 est.)
$11,500 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 12.4%
industry: 35%
services: 52.6% (2009 est.)
Labor force:
9.33 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 29.7%
industry: 23.2%
services: 47.1% (2006)
Unemployment rate:
7.8% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
4.4% (2008 est.)
Population below poverty line:
25% (2005 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 20.8% (2006)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 103
28.8 (2003)
Investment (gross fixed):
25.6% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Budget:
revenues: $51.36 billion
expenditures: $63.3 billion (2009 est.)
Public debt:
24% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
20.1% of GDP (2008 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.6% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
7.8% (2008 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
NA%
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
14.99% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 60
13.35% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$25.3 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 39
$25.17 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$36.09 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 43
$34.96 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$72.85 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 48
$58.76 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$31.32 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 62
$19.92 billion (31 December 2008)
$44.93 billion (31 December 2007)
Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep
Industries:
electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and
auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals,
food processing, petroleum refining
Industrial production growth rate:
-7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
Electricity - production:
58.28 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
Electricity - consumption:
49.44 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
Electricity - exports:
5.169 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
921 million kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
117,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
Oil - consumption:
214,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
Oil - exports:
115,600 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Oil - imports:
217,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
Oil - proved reserves:
600 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
Natural gas - production:
11.42 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
Natural gas - consumption:
16.92 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
Natural gas - imports:
5.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
Natural gas - proved reserves:
63 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
Current account balance:
-$7.025 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
-$24.81 billion (2008 est.)
Exports:
$40.36 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
$49.76 billion (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, metals and metal products,
machinery and equipment, minerals and fuels, chemicals, agricultural products
Exports - partners:
Germany 18.76%, Italy 15.42%, France 8.2%, Turkey 4.99%, Hungary 4.33% (2009)
Imports:
$49.75 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
$77.94 billion (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals, textile and products,
metals, agricultural products
Imports - partners:
Germany 17.3%, Italy 11.78%, Hungary 8.36%, France 6.14%, China 4.91%, Austria
4.75% (2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$45.52 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
$39.47 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:
$95.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34
$102.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$75.42 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
$68.62 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$1.57 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
$1.48 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Exchange rates:
lei (RON) per US dollar - 3.07 (2009), 2.5 (2008), 2.43 (2007), 2.809 (2006), 3
(2005)
Communications - Romania
Telephones - main lines in use:
5.036 million (2007)
country comparison to the world: 31
Telephones - mobile cellular:
24.467 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 34
Telephone system:
general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and
modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially
mobile-cellular services
domestic: more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line
teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity,
expanding rapidly, roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides
connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital,
international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2008)
Radio broadcast stations:
698 (station frequency type NA) (2006)
Television broadcast stations:
623 (plus 200 repeaters) (2006)
Internet country code:
.ro
Internet hosts:
2.188 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 31
Internet users:
6.132 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 37
Transportation - Romania
Airports:
53 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 89
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 25
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 28
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 21 (2009)
Heliports:
2 (2009)
Pipelines:
gas 3,588 km; oil 2,424 km (2009)
Railways:
total: 10,788 km
country comparison to the world: 21
broad gauge: 57 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 10,731 km 1.435-m gauge (3,965 km electrified) (2008)
Roadways:
total: 198,817 km
country comparison to the world: 26
paved: 60,043 km (includes 228 km of expressways)
unpaved: 138,774 km (2004)
Waterways:
1,731 km
country comparison to the world: 48
note: includes 1,075 km on Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132
km on canals (2006)
Merchant marine:
total: 17
country comparison to the world: 103
by type: cargo 11, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2, roll
on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 49 (Cambodia 1, Georgia 16, North Korea 4,
Liberia 2, Malta 8, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 3, Panama 7, Saint Kitts and
Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 3, Syria 2) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Braila, Constanta, Galati, Tulcea
Military - Romania
Military branches:
Land Forces, Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR),
Special Operations (2010)
Military service age and obligation:
18-35 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription
officially ended October 2006; all military inductees (including women) contract
for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive contracts for
3-year terms until age 36 (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 5,617,144
females age 16-49: 5,487,510 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 4,513,619
females age 16-49: 4,566,620 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 121,391
female: 115,258 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.9% of GDP (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
Transnational Issues - Romania
Disputes - international:
the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply, and Romania until June 2007
to issue a rejoinder, in their dispute submitted in 2004 over
Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime
boundary delimitation; Romania also opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation
canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
Illicit drugs:
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route
and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although
not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it
vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange
houses, and casinos
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