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Introduction - Costa Rica
Background:
Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at
colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors,
including: disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance by
natives, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of
Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area
remained a colony for some two and a half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica became
one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared their
independence from Spain. Two years later it joined the United Provinces of
Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa
Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence. Since the late 19th century,
only two brief periods of violence have marred the country's democratic
development. Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica
has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism industries.
The standard of living is relatively high. Land ownership is widespread.
Geography - Costa Rica
Location:
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean,
between Nicaragua and Panama
Geographic coordinates:
10 00 N, 84 00 W
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total: 51,100 sq km
country comparison to the world: 129
land: 51,060 sq km
water: 40 sq km
note: includes Isla del Coco
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 639 km
border countries: Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km
Coastline:
1,290 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate:
Current Weather
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to
November); cooler in highlands
Terrain:
coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including over 100 volcanic cones,
of which several are major volcanoes
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m
Natural resources:
hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 4.4%
permanent crops: 5.87%
other: 89.73% (2005)
Irrigated land:
1,080 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
112.4 cu km (2000)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 2.68 cu km/yr (29%/17%/53%)
per capita: 619 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of
lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes
Environment - current issues:
deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for
cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution;
fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:
four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the
center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in
1963-65
People - Costa Rica
Population:
4,516,220 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
Age structure:
0-14 years: 25% (male 577,984/female 552,737)
15-64 years: 68.8% (male 1,561,847/female 1,544,528)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 129,298/female 149,826) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 28.4 years
male: 27.9 years
female: 28.9 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.347% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Birth rate:
16.65 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
Death rate:
4.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204
Net migration rate:
1.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Urbanization:
urban population: 63% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 9.72 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 154
male: 10.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.81 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.54 years
country comparison to the world: 56
male: 74.93 years
female: 80.28 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.93 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.4% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
9,700 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
fewer than 200 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2009)
Nationality:
noun: Costa Rican(s)
adjective: Costa Rican
Ethnic groups:
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.3%, other
Protestant 0.7%, other 4.8%, none 3.2%
Languages:
Spanish (official), English
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.9%
male: 94.7%
female: 95.1% (2000 census)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 12 years (2005)
Education expenditures:
4.9% of GDP (2004)
country comparison to the world: 75
Government - Costa Rica
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica
conventional short form: Costa Rica
local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
local short form: Costa Rica
Government type:
democratic republic
Capital:
name: San Jose
geographic coordinates: 9 56 N, 84 05 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste,
Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose
Independence:
15 September 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Constitution:
7 November 1949
Legal system:
based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda (since 8 May 2010); First
Vice President Alfio PIVA Mesen (since 8 May 2010); Second Vice President Luis
LIBERMAN Ginsburg (since 8 May 2010); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda (since 8 May 2010); First
Vice President Alfio PIVA Mesen (since 8 May 2010); Second Vice President Luis
LIBERMAN Ginsburg (since 8 May 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular
vote for a single four-year term; election last held on 7 February 2010 (next to
be held in February 2014)
election results: Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda elected president; percent of vote -
Laura CHINCHILLA Miranda (PLN) 46.7%; Otton SOLIS (PAC) 25.1%, Otto GUEVARA Guth
(ML) 20.8%
Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats; members
elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 7 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2014)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLN 23, PAC
10, ML 9, PUSC 6, PASE 4, other 5
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected for renewable eight-year
terms by the Legislative Assembly)
Political parties and leaders:
Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE [Oscar Andres LOPEZ Arias]; Citizen
Action Party or PAC [Alberto CANAS Escalante]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or
PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Marco
GONZALEZ Nunez]; Frente Amplio [Jose MERINO del Rio]; Homeland First or PP
(Patria Primero) [Juan Jose VARGAS Fallas]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML
[Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Democratic Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS
Umana]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National
Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO Fernandez]; National Rescue
Party or PRN [Fabio Enrique DELGADO Hernandez]; National Union Party or PUN
[Arturo ACOSTA Mora]; Patriotic Alliance [Mariano FIGUERES Olsen]; Patriotic
Union or UP [Jose Miguel CORRALES Bolanos]; Popular Vanguard [Trino BARRANTES
Araya]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis FISHMAN Zonzinski]; Union for
Change Party or UPC [Antonio ALVAREZ Desanti]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party
affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of Workers or CUT
(Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or
CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate); Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO;
Costa Rican Solidarity Movement; Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises
or UCCAEP [Rafael CARRILLO]; Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP;
National Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association of
Educators or ANDE; National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP
[Albino VARGAS]; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert BROWN]
International organization participation:
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES,
LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, SICA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ana Lorena VILLALOBOS
chancery: 2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-2945 or 2946
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4795
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New
Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Anne Slaughter ANDREW
embassy: Calle 120 Avenida O, Pavas, San Jose
mailing address: APO AA 34020
telephone: [506] 2519-2000
FAX: [506] 2519-2305
Flag description:
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue,
with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk toward the hoist side of the
red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central
America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was
decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central
red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky,
opportunity, and perseverence, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while
red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and
vibrancy of the people
note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of
Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed
Economy - Costa Rica
Economy - overview:
Prior to the global economic crisis, Costa Rica enjoyed stable economic growth.
The economy contracted 1.6% in 2009. While the traditional agricultural exports
of bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef are still the backbone of commodity export
trade, a variety of industrial and specialized agricultural products have
broadened export trade in recent years. High value added goods and services,
including microchips, have further bolstered exports. Tourism continues to bring
in foreign exchange, as Costa Rica's impressive biodiversity makes it a key
destination for ecotourism. Foreign investors remain attracted by the country's
political stability and relatively high education levels, as well as the fiscal
incentives offered in the free-trade zones; and Costa Rica has attracted one of
the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America.
However, many business impediments, such as high levels of bureaucracy,
difficulty of enforcing contracts, and weak investor protection, remain. Poverty
has remained around 15-20% for nearly 20 years, and the strong social safety net
that had been put into place by the government has eroded due to increased
financial constraints on government expenditures. Unlike the rest of Central
America, Costa Rica is not highly dependent on remittances as they only
represent about 2% of GDP. Immigration from Nicaragua has increasingly become a
concern for the government. The estimated 300,000-500,000 Nicaraguans in Costa
Rica legally and illegally are an important source of - mostly unskilled -
labor, but also place heavy demands on the social welfare system. Under the
ARIAS administration, the government has made strides in reducing internal and
external debt - in 2007, Costa Rica had its first budget surplus in 50 years.
The US-Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
entered into force on 1 January 2009, after significant delays within the Costa
Rican legislature.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$48.63 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
$49.42 billion (2008 est.)
$48.16 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$29.64 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
-1.6% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
2.6% (2008 est.)
7.8% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$10,900 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
$11,200 (2008 est.)
$11,100 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 6.4%
industry: 24.9%
services: 68.7% (2009 est.)
Labor force:
2.121 million
country comparison to the world: 118
note: this official estimate excludes Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica (2009
est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 14%
industry: 22%
services: 64% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
7.8% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
4.9% (2008 est.)
Population below poverty line:
16% (2006 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%: 35.5% (2005)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
48 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 30
45.9 (1997)
Investment (gross fixed):
20.8% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
Budget:
revenues: $4.02 billion
expenditures: $4.896 billion (2009 est.)
Public debt:
45.1% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
42.2% of GDP (2008 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.8% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179
13.4% (2008 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
25% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 12
17% (31 December 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
15.83% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 70
12.8% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$4.209 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 74
$4.504 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$3.143 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 97
$2.87 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$15.15 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 71
$12.91 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 96
$1.887 billion (31 December 2008)
$2.035 billion (31 December 2007)
Agriculture - products:
bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons, ornamental plants, sugar, corn, rice,
beans, potatoes; beef, poultry, dairy; timber
Industries:
microprocessors, food processing, medical equipment, textiles and clothing,
construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products
Industrial production growth rate:
-2.9% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Electricity - production:
8.808 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Electricity - consumption:
8.064 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Electricity - exports:
77.16 million kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
203.2 million kWh (2007 est.)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
Oil - consumption:
44,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
Oil - exports:
2,117 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
Oil - imports:
47,860 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl
country comparison to the world: 190
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 186
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
Current account balance:
-$614 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
-$2.729 billion (2008 est.)
Exports:
$8.847 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
$9.554 billion (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:
bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons, ornamental plants, sugar; beef; seafood;
electronic components, medical equipment
Exports - partners:
US 32.61%, Netherlands 12.82%, China 11.81%, Mexico 4.2% (2009)
Imports:
$10.87 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
$14.57 billion (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:
raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum, construction
materials
Imports - partners:
US 44.72%, Mexico 7.65%, Venezuela 5.56%, China 5.15%, Japan 4.36% (2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$4.066 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
$3.799 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:
$8.057 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
$9.249 billion (31 December 2008)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$12.14 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
$10.82 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$540 million (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
$531.6 million (31 December 2008 est.)
Exchange rates:
Costa Rican colones (CRC) per US dollar - 580.01 (2009), 530.41 (2008), 519.53
(2007), 511.3 (2006), 477.79 (2005)
Communications - Costa Rica
Telephones - main lines in use:
1.438 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 66
Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.887 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 125
Telephone system:
general assessment: good domestic telephone service in terms of breadth of
coverage; under the terms of CAFTA-DR, the state-run telecommunications provider
is losing its monopoly position and competitors are entering the market
domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and
coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available
international: country code - 506; landing points for the Americas Region
Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), MAYA-1, and the Pan American Crossing submarine
cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean,
and the US; connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2007)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 65, FM 51, shortwave 19 (2002)
Television broadcast stations:
20 (plus 43 repeaters) (2002)
Internet country code:
.cr
Internet hosts:
34,066 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 89
Internet users:
1.46 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 76
Transportation - Costa Rica
Airports:
151 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 36
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 38
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 22
under 914 m: 12 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 113
914 to 1,523 m: 19
under 914 m: 94 (2009)
Pipelines:
refined products 796 km (2009)
Railways:
total: 278 km
country comparison to the world: 124
narrow gauge: 278 km 1.067-m gauge
note: none of the railway network is in use (2008)
Roadways:
total: 35,330 km
country comparison to the world: 95
paved: 8,621 km
unpaved: 26,709 km (2004)
Waterways:
730 km (seasonally navigable by small craft) (2008)
country comparison to the world: 75
Merchant marine:
total: 1
country comparison to the world: 160
by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Caldera, Puerto Limon
Military - Costa Rica
Military branches:
no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security, Government, and Police
(2010)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,241,183
females age 16-49: 1,217,037 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,044,923
females age 16-49: 1,026,432 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 42,486
female: 40,745 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
0.6% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 155
Transnational Issues - Costa Rica
Disputes - international:
the ICJ has given Costa Rica until January 2008 to reply and Nicaragua until
July 2008 to rejoin before rendering its decision on the navigation, security,
and commercial rights of Costa Rican vessels on the R�o San Juan over which
Nicaragua retains sovereignty
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 9,699-11,500 (Colombia) (2007)
Illicit drugs:
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America; illicit
production of cannabis in remote areas; domestic cocaine consumption,
particularly crack cocaine, is rising; significant consumption of amphetamines;
seizures of smuggled cash in Costa Rica and at the main border crossing to enter
Costa Rica from Nicaragua have risen in recent years (2008)
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